Henryk III Walezy
(ur. 19 września 1551 w Fontainebleau, zm. 2 sierpnia 1589 w Saint-Cloud)
- ostatni z francuskiej dynastii Walezjuszów, jednej z gałęzi Kapetyngów. Książę Orleanu, a w latach 1573-1574 król Polski jako Henryk zwany Walezym. Od 1574 król Francji jako Henryk III.

Pochodzenie



Herb rodowy

Henryk Walezy był czwartym synem Henryka II, króla Francji i Katarzyny Medycejskiej. Na chrzcie otrzymał on imiona Aleksander Edward. Imię Henryk nadano mu dopiero na bierzmowaniu w roku 1565. Jego brat, Karol IX, był królem francuskim. Matka za wszelką cenę chciała osadzić wszystkich swych synów na tronie i gdy nie powiodły się inne plany wobec Henryka, zdecydowała się starać o egzotyczny dla Francuzów tron polski. Rozdzierające Francję walki katolików z hugenotami (francuskimi protestantami), czyli tzw. III wojna z hugenotami, umożliwiły Henrykowi pokazanie swych wojskowych umiejętności. Dzięki jego osobistej odwadze i przytomności umysłu pokonano w 1569 roku oddziały hugenotów pod Jarnac.

Przez pewien czas Henryk sprawował urząd generalnego namiestnika królestwa. Tak więc już w młodzieńczych latach dał się on poznać zarówno jako dobry polityk jak i sumienny urzędnik.


Droga do polskiego tronu

Wybory nowego władcy polskiego po okresie bezkrólewia odbyły się w kwietniu i maju 1573 r. na prawym brzegu Wisły, naprzeciw Warszawy, pod wsią Kamień, która obecnie stanowi część stolicy. Najpoważniejszymi kandydatami do korony obok brata króla francuskiego byli: syn cesarza Maksymiliana II arcyksiążę Ernest Habsburg, car Iwan IV Groźny i Jan III Waza, król szwedzki, mąż Katarzyny Jagiellonki, siostry Zygmunta Augusta. Pod Warszawą stawiło się ok. 50 tysięcy osób, które uczestniczyły w głosowaniu. Najpierw odbyła się prezentacja kandydatów, której dokonali zagraniczni posłowie. Następnie zaczęto spisywać, lecz już w węższym gronie wybranych komisji „artykuły dla króla”. Miały to być uprawnienia i zobowiązania panującego. Po ich zatwierdzeniu, 5 kwietnia 1573 r. odbyło się głosowanie nad pretendentami do tronu. Zwycięzcą okazał się kandydat francuski, przedstawiony przez posła Jana de Monluc. Kilka dni po elekcji posłowie przyszłego monarchy zaprzysięgli w jego imieniu uchwalone przed wyborem postanowienia ogólne. Były to tak zwane artykuły henrykowskie. Przyjęto również osobiste zobowiązania elekta, noszące nazwę pacta conventa. Wybrano też poselstwo, które miało udać się do Paryża, aby oficjalnie zawiadomić księcia francuskiego o wyborze na króla Rzeczypospolitej Polski i Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego, odebrać od niego przysięgę, potwierdzającą przyjęcie uchwał elekcyjnych (artykułów i paktów), oraz możliwie szybko sprowadzić go do Rzeczypospolitej. Poselstwo wysłano okazałe i godne. Pertraktacje z Henrykiem i jego bratem, królem Francji Karolem IX, trwały dość długo. Opór budziły przede wszystkim artykuły dotyczące swobody wyznaniowej i możliwości wypowiedzenia posłuszeństwa królowi. Ostatecznie obaj władcy uznali i zaprzysięgli 22 sierpnia 1573 r. dawne i nowe prawa. Po tym fakcie poselstwo doręczyło Henrykowi dokument elekcyjny. Henryk Walezy został ogłoszony królem polskim i wielkim księciem litewskim.


Nihil novi



Potęga Rzeczypospolitej u zenitu. Zlota wolność. Elekcja., Jan Matejko

Do granic Polski dotarł po dwumiesięcznej podróży w końcu stycznia 1574 r. Orszak królewski, liczący 1200 koni, wozy z bagażami oraz karety z damami dworu i niewiastami lekkich obyczajów, ciągnął przez Heidelberg, Fuldę, Torgau, Frankfurt. Na Łużycach oczekiwał go książę piastowski Jerzy II Brzeski, który towarzyszył królowi aż do polskiej granicy. Granicę przekroczono w Międzyrzeczu, gdzie monarchę uroczyście powitała delegacja senatu z biskupem kujawskim, wojewodowie i kasztelanowie. Później przez Poznań i Częstochowę udano się w kierunku Krakowa, gdzie nastąpiło oficjalne powitanie.

Bibliography


Katalog D M O Z : Reference : Bibliography
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  • 68 pages found in Bibliography:

    AIDS Novels Annotated Bibliography
    An annotated listing of American primary and secondary sources.
    http://www.geocities.com/lisagarmire/AnnotatedBiblio.htm

    The American Bibliography of Slavic and East European Studies
    Records journal articles, books, book chapters, book reviews, dissertations, and selected government publications on eastern Europe, Russia, and the former Soviet Union.
    http://www.library.uiuc.edu/absees/

    American National Election Studies - ANES
    Bibliography of citations of known published works and a large number of unpublished papers that make use of NES data. Offered as a research and teaching resource and available for download in pdf format.
    http://www.electionstudies.org/resources/papers/reference_library.htm

    Biblical Studies
    An indexed catalogue of internet resources.
    http://bubl.ac.uk/link/b/biblicalstudies.htm

    Bibliographic Resources Spain
    Links to academic, history, literature, language and culture readings. Resources specific to Latin America are excluded.
    http://members.tripod.com/spainresources/photo.htm

    The Bibliographical Society
    Objectives include historical, analytical, descriptive and textual bibliography. Features membership, publications, fellowships and bursaries.
    http://www.bibsoc.org.uk/

    The Bibliographical Society of America - BSA
    Scholarly society dedicated to the study of books and manuscripts as physical objects. Features membership, publications, meetings, and fellowships.
    http://www.bibsocamer.org/

    Bibliographical Society of Australia and New Zealand
    Focuses on scholarly interest in physical bibliography and the history of the written word. Includes membership, publications and conferences.
    http://www.csu.edu.au/community/BSANZ/

    Bibliographical Society of Canada
    Scholarly study of the history, description, and transmission of texts in all media and formats, with a primary emphasis on Canada. Includes membership, publications, and conferences.
    http://www.library.utoronto.ca/bsc/

    Bibliographical Society of the University of Virginia
    Scholarly society devoted to analytic bibliography and textual criticism. Includes links to online journals and texts.
    http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/bsuva/

    Bibliographies of the Hypertext Bibliography Project
    Searchable database of a range of individual subject areas.
    http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Misc/HBP/index.html

    Bibliographies on Diversity Topics
    Offers a collection of bibliographies that are focused on issues relating to multicultural and diversity areas. Created by librarians at Central Michigan University.
    http://www.lib.cmich.edu/departments/reference/diversity/bibliographies.htm

    Bibliography of Julian of Norwich
    Materials related to the "Showing of Love" from The Godfriends Library. Includes manuscripts, book reviews, and library links.
    http://www.umilta.net/bibliogr.html

    Bibliography of the Grand Canyon and the Lower Colorado River.
    Lists books, periodicals, serials, maps, audio-visual works, and electronic media produced between 1540 and the present. Includes an introduction and table of contents.
    http://www.grandcanyonbiblio.org/

    Bibliography of the Hebrew Book 1473-1960
    Searchable database of books published in Hebrew languages. Provides researchers with multi-level full-text search, navigation and data manipulation tools for both Hebrew and Latin characters.
    http://www.hebrew-bibliography.com/

    Bibliotheca Canadiana
    Exhibition of a historical survey of Canadian bibliography. Includes the images and selected text currently on view in the library exhibit.
    http://www.library.mcgill.ca/rarebook/bibcanho.htm

    Black American Feminism Bibliography
    Includes bibliography of writings from across the disciplines, dating back to the early nineteenth century.
    http://www.library.ucsb.edu/subjects/blackfeminism/

    Body of Knowledge on Quality Management
    Database containing citations and abstracts to journal articles, and books on the subject of quality and performance improvement. From the Carlson School of Management.
    http://www.carlsonschool.umn.edu/Page1293.aspx

    Booklist Center
    Collection of book lists including lists of book awards and prizes and their winners and recommended lists of books by leading authorities. Listed by subject category.
    http://home.comcast.net/~dwtaylor1/index.htm

    British & Irish Archaeological Bibliography
    Searchable database for references to material published from 1695 to 1991, including the early antiquaries, post-processualism and planning-led contract archaeology.
    http://www.biab.ac.uk/

    Dental Amalgam Research Bibliography
    Features a listing of selected scientific research on the health effects of mercury accumulation .
    http://www.whale.to/d/biblio.html

    Drug Discrimination Bibliographic Database
    Listing of references published since 1951 and includes abstracts, journal articles, book chapters and books. The database is searchable and available for download.
    http://www.dd-database.org/

    Eames Bibliography
    Searchable bibliography on the life and work of Charles and Ray Eames and includes books, periodicals, newspapers, and videos.
    http://www.eamesoffice.com/index2.php?mod=bibliography

    Eastgate Systems
    A brief and idiosyncratic bibliography of hypertext, with an emphasis on storyspace and the systems that have influenced it over the years.
    http://www.eastgate.com/Bibliography.html

    EBSCO Publishing
    Offers a broad range of full text and bibliographic databases designed for research. Subject areas include: academic, biomedical, government, school, and corporate libraries. Requires registration.
    http://www.epnet.com/

    EconLit
    The American Economic Association's electronic bibliography of economic literature. A source of journals, abstracts and citations covering all fields of economics.
    http://www.econlit.org/

    Economic Working Papers
    Provides links to a range of online resources for bibliographies and working papers.
    http://www.oswego.edu/~economic/workpap.htm

    Edinburgh Bibliographical Society
    Focuses attention on bibliography of and in Scotland. Features membership, publications, and meetings.
    http://www.edbibsoc.lib.ed.ac.uk/

    Eighteenth Century Bibliography
    Published and unpublished texts that were printed and circulated between 1680 and 1810; texts can be browsed by author and decade.
    http://www.c18th.com

    Eighteenth Century Current Bibliography - ECCB
    An interdisciplinary bibliography of "long eighteenth-century studies" (1650-1800). Editor details, documents and guidelines for contributors, and subscription data.
    http://eccb.net

    Environmental Archaeological Bibliography
    Published reports of biological, pedological and geological work on material from archaeological excavations. Features a queries builder, subject codes, and related links.
    http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/specColl/eab_eh_2004/index.cfm

    The European Union : Collections Bibliography
    Official depository of publications held at The University of California, Berkeley. Includes primary and secondary legislation, treaties, and policy documents.
    http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/doemoff/govinfo/intl/gov_eugde.html

    The Evolution of Poker
    Bibliography of books from the early 1800s to the present, sorted by date of publication, author, and genre.
    http://www.holdemsecrets.com/books.htm

    Feminine Moments
    Listing of books on fine art made by lesbian, bisexual and queer women in visual arts. Also features links to web galleries, art projects, and art theory.
    http://www.femininemoments.dk/

    GetCited
    A member-controlled academic publication database, directory and discussion forum, edited by members of the academic community.
    http://www.getcited.org/

    HTML Bibliography
    Collection of resource links including hypertext design guides and style manuals, language guides and tutorials, and history.
    http://www.utoronto.ca/webdocs/HTMLdocs/NewHTML/bibliography.html

    Institute for Theme Park Studies
    Books, articles and journals on the academic study of theme parks and amusement park tourism.
    http://www.themeparkcity.com/itps/index.htm

    International Bibliographic Guide to the History of Pathology
    Contains monographs and articles published between 1801 and 2003. Additions and corrections are invited..
    http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/institute/fak5/igm/g47/bauerpat.htm

    International Bibliography of Sign Language
    Focuses on modern sign language research, and records text related to deaf culture, sign language interpreting as well as education of the deaf. Includes academic literature, abstracts, and journal articles.
    http://www.sign-lang.uni-hamburg.de/bibweb/

    Is It A Book?
    Bibliography of materials relating to nonlinearity and literature, concrete poetry, surrealism, film, the book arts, typography, and the book as a physical object.
    http://www.philobiblon.com/isitabook/bib.html

    Jazz Bibliography
    Indexed listing of books and magazines with prices for which these have been recently offered or sold.
    http://home.versatel.nl/e.j.ter.bals/pages/indexpag.html

    Language Learning in Tandem
    Provides detailed bibliographical information on new research . Includes authors' full first names as well as exact page references .
    http://www.slf.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/learning/tanbib.html

    The Library
    Subscription based journal of the Bibliographical Society includes general and economic history of production and distribution of books.
    http://library.oxfordjournals.org/

    Marjory Stoneman Douglas
    Features books, pamphlets, plays and articles by this writer and environmentalist, cataloged by date .
    http://www.miami.edu/english/msdouglas/

    Multiple Intelligences
    Features books, articles, and online links to related resources about Howard Gardner's MI theory.
    http://www.newhorizons.org/strategies/mi/front_mi.htm

    Museum Management Bibliography
    Features links to books, manuals, technical leaflets and articles. From the National Park Service.
    http://www.nps.gov/history/museum/publications/mmpbib1.html

    Mythological Booklist
    Features a listing of book titles, authors, publishers, and ISBNs. Categorized by geographical area.
    http://www.thewildhunt.com/thegreen/mythologicalbooklist.shtml

    The NLS Annotated Bibliography
    Searchable record of research based on data from all cohorts of the National Longitudinal Surveys. Contains citations and abstracts of journal articles, working papers, conference presentations, and dissertations.
    http://www.chrr.ohio-state.edu/nls-bib/

    NoodleBib - The MLA Bibliography Composer
    Free service that simplifies the process of creating and editing MLA-style bibliographies.
    http://www.noodletools.com/noodlebib/index.php

    NYU Literature, Arts, & Medicine Database
    This online journal resource produced by New York University's School of Medicine serves as a dynamic annotated bibliography for journals and magazines dedicated to various forms of alternate healing.
    http://litmed.med.nyu.edu/Main?action=new

    Oriental Institute Research Archives
    Guide to introductory readings on the peoples and cultures of the ancient Near East including Egypt, Nubia, and Mesopotamia. Indexed by subject.
    http://oi.uchicago.edu/OI/DEPT/RA/RECREAD/REC_READ.html

    Oxford Bibliographical Society
    Encourage bibliographical research. Details programme of events, publications and how to join.
    http://www.oxbibsoc.org.uk/

    Panel Study of Income Dynamics
    Offers a listing of publications, working papers and government reports.Searchable by author or by area of study.
    http://psidonline.isr.umich.edu/Publications/Bibliography/default.aspx

    Patent Information Users Group
    Annotated bibliography of books and articles of professional, scientific and technical interest. Includes links to related bibliographies.
    http://www.piug.org/patbib.php

    Population Index
    First published in 1935, a primary reference tool to the world's population literature. Offers a searchable annotated bibliography of recently published books, journal articles, working papers, and other materials .
    http://popindex.princeton.edu/

    Religious Studies
    A substantial listing of links to bibliographies of use to researchers involved in academic study. Categorized by religion.
    http://www.acs.ucalgary.ca/~lipton/biblio.html

    Repertorium Bibliographicum in usum scholarum
    Index of bibliographies, catalogues, and bibliographic reference works. Intended for educational and reference purposes. Indexed by author, title, and country name.
    http://www.reuser.biz

    Rizwi's Bibliography for Medieval Islam
    Classified listing of books, articles and reviews of significant books for students of Islam.
    http://us.geocities.com/rfaizer/biblio/index.html

    Scholarly Electronic Publishing Bibliography
    Presents selected articles, books, and other printed and electronic sources that are useful in understanding publishing efforts on the Internet. Available for download.
    http://epress.lib.uh.edu/sepb/sepb.html

    South Asia Bibliographies: Afghanistan
    Listing of printed material from the library at the University of California, Berkeley. Includes links to related resources .
    http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/SSEAL/SouthAsia/afghan.html

    Stormwater Finance Materials
    Annotated bibliography of previously published materials concerning stormwater management and finance programs. Available for download in pdf format.
    http://stormwaterfinance.urbancenter.iupui.edu/bibliography.htm

    Tennis Book Bibliography
    Listing of publications catalogued by author, year of publication and publisher .
    http://www.xhost.org/tennisbooks.com/

    Terrorism and Political Violence, a Bibliography
    Provides a listing of publications and resources indexed by geographical location and subject.
    http://users.skynet.be/terrorism/

    Victorian Fiction: An Online Guide to Research
    Source of research information on important publications from 1830 to 2007.
    http://www.victorianfiction.com

    What is an Annotated Bibliography
    Provides explanations and preparation advice. Includes a sample entry for a journal article.
    http://www.library.cornell.edu/okuref/research/skill28.htm

    William Sayers
    Bibliography of peer-reviewed academic publications, mostly in the field of medieval European languages and literature. Organized by language, culture, and country.
    http://www.people.cornell.edu/pages/ws36/

    Writers Workshop Styles Handbook
    Summarizes and illustrates the bibliographical formatting rules for three different citation styles: the American Psychological Association (APA) style, the new Modern Languages Association (MLA) style, and the old MLA style.
    http://www.english.uiuc.edu/cws/wworkshop/writer_resources/citation_styles/citation_styles.htm

    WWW Psychedelic Bibliography
    Collection of literature references concerning over 60 years of research on psychedelic compounds. Include single keyword searching of all records fields.
    http://www.maps.org/sys/w3pb.pl?face=simple/


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    Ciekawostki

    Krótkotrwałe panowanie Henryka Walezego na Wawelu było prawdziwym zderzeniem cywilizacyjnym pomiędzy rzeczywistością polską, a francuską. Młodego króla i jego francuską świtę dziwiły urządzane przez polskich poddanych pijatyki, rozczarowało ubóstwo polskich wsi i surowy klimat kraju. Polacy natomiast uważali Francuzów za zniewieściałych, władcy mieli za złe cudzoziemskie stroje i zamiłowanie do biżuterii. Co ciekawe, pod wieloma względami ówczesna Polska wyprzedzała Francję. Właśnie na Wawelu Walezy po raz pierwszy zobaczył wychodki, z których nieczystości odprowadzano poza zamkowe mury, i po powrocie do Francji nakazał zbudowanie takich urządzeń w Luwrze i innych pałacach.


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