Henryk III Walezy
(ur. 19 września 1551 w Fontainebleau, zm. 2 sierpnia 1589 w Saint-Cloud)
- ostatni z francuskiej dynastii Walezjuszów, jednej z gałęzi Kapetyngów. Książę Orleanu, a w latach 1573-1574 król Polski jako Henryk zwany Walezym. Od 1574 król Francji jako Henryk III.

Pochodzenie



Herb rodowy

Henryk Walezy był czwartym synem Henryka II, króla Francji i Katarzyny Medycejskiej. Na chrzcie otrzymał on imiona Aleksander Edward. Imię Henryk nadano mu dopiero na bierzmowaniu w roku 1565. Jego brat, Karol IX, był królem francuskim. Matka za wszelką cenę chciała osadzić wszystkich swych synów na tronie i gdy nie powiodły się inne plany wobec Henryka, zdecydowała się starać o egzotyczny dla Francuzów tron polski. Rozdzierające Francję walki katolików z hugenotami (francuskimi protestantami), czyli tzw. III wojna z hugenotami, umożliwiły Henrykowi pokazanie swych wojskowych umiejętności. Dzięki jego osobistej odwadze i przytomności umysłu pokonano w 1569 roku oddziały hugenotów pod Jarnac.

Przez pewien czas Henryk sprawował urząd generalnego namiestnika królestwa. Tak więc już w młodzieńczych latach dał się on poznać zarówno jako dobry polityk jak i sumienny urzędnik.


Droga do polskiego tronu

Wybory nowego władcy polskiego po okresie bezkrólewia odbyły się w kwietniu i maju 1573 r. na prawym brzegu Wisły, naprzeciw Warszawy, pod wsią Kamień, która obecnie stanowi część stolicy. Najpoważniejszymi kandydatami do korony obok brata króla francuskiego byli: syn cesarza Maksymiliana II arcyksiążę Ernest Habsburg, car Iwan IV Groźny i Jan III Waza, król szwedzki, mąż Katarzyny Jagiellonki, siostry Zygmunta Augusta. Pod Warszawą stawiło się ok. 50 tysięcy osób, które uczestniczyły w głosowaniu. Najpierw odbyła się prezentacja kandydatów, której dokonali zagraniczni posłowie. Następnie zaczęto spisywać, lecz już w węższym gronie wybranych komisji „artykuły dla króla”. Miały to być uprawnienia i zobowiązania panującego. Po ich zatwierdzeniu, 5 kwietnia 1573 r. odbyło się głosowanie nad pretendentami do tronu. Zwycięzcą okazał się kandydat francuski, przedstawiony przez posła Jana de Monluc. Kilka dni po elekcji posłowie przyszłego monarchy zaprzysięgli w jego imieniu uchwalone przed wyborem postanowienia ogólne. Były to tak zwane artykuły henrykowskie. Przyjęto również osobiste zobowiązania elekta, noszące nazwę pacta conventa. Wybrano też poselstwo, które miało udać się do Paryża, aby oficjalnie zawiadomić księcia francuskiego o wyborze na króla Rzeczypospolitej Polski i Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego, odebrać od niego przysięgę, potwierdzającą przyjęcie uchwał elekcyjnych (artykułów i paktów), oraz możliwie szybko sprowadzić go do Rzeczypospolitej. Poselstwo wysłano okazałe i godne. Pertraktacje z Henrykiem i jego bratem, królem Francji Karolem IX, trwały dość długo. Opór budziły przede wszystkim artykuły dotyczące swobody wyznaniowej i możliwości wypowiedzenia posłuszeństwa królowi. Ostatecznie obaj władcy uznali i zaprzysięgli 22 sierpnia 1573 r. dawne i nowe prawa. Po tym fakcie poselstwo doręczyło Henrykowi dokument elekcyjny. Henryk Walezy został ogłoszony królem polskim i wielkim księciem litewskim.


Nihil novi



Potęga Rzeczypospolitej u zenitu. Zlota wolność. Elekcja., Jan Matejko

Do granic Polski dotarł po dwumiesięcznej podróży w końcu stycznia 1574 r. Orszak królewski, liczący 1200 koni, wozy z bagażami oraz karety z damami dworu i niewiastami lekkich obyczajów, ciągnął przez Heidelberg, Fuldę, Torgau, Frankfurt. Na Łużycach oczekiwał go książę piastowski Jerzy II Brzeski, który towarzyszył królowi aż do polskiej granicy. Granicę przekroczono w Międzyrzeczu, gdzie monarchę uroczyście powitała delegacja senatu z biskupem kujawskim, wojewodowie i kasztelanowie. Później przez Poznań i Częstochowę udano się w kierunku Krakowa, gdzie nastąpiło oficjalne powitanie.

Human Rights and Liberties


Katalog D M O Z : Society : Issues : Human Rights and Liberties
  • Affirmative Action (30)
  • Aiding Abusers (2)
  • Chemical Castration@ (16)
  • Civil Liberties@ (54)
  • Death Penalty@ (137)
  • Fathers' Rights@ (103)
  • Forfeiture@ (19)
  • Free Speech (86)
  • Freedom of the Press (13)
  • Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Rights@ (70)
  • Human Trafficking@ (30)
  • Parents' Rights@ (27)
  • Police Misconduct@ (33)
  •  
  • Political Prisoners (24)
  • Population Control@ (80)
  • Prenatal Rights (3)
  • Privacy (67)
  • Property Rights@ (49)
  • Refugee Rights (28)
  • Slavery@ (30)
  • War Crimes@ (147)
  • War on Terrorism@ (23)
  • Women's Rights@ (82)
  • Workers Rights@ (123)
  • Youth Rights@ (36)

  • Advocacy Organizations (216)
  • Business-Related@ (36)
  • News and Media (24)
  •  
  • Official Texts (8)
  • Regional (129)

  • 60 pages found in Human Rights and Liberties:

    Access Human Rights
    A portal to human rights resources on the net, including news, government bodies, law, and treaties.
    http://www.hrdc.net/accesshr/

    Anita Roddick
    The founder of the Body Shop reports and comments on activism, ethical business, human rights and environmentalism in a global perspective.
    http://www.anitaroddick.com/

    Artists for a New South Africa
    ANSA is a non-profit organization founded and supported by artists, activists and others dedicated to furthering democracy and equality in South Africa and civil rights in the U.S.
    http://www.ansafrica.org

    Bayefsky.com
    Encompasses the full range of data concerning the application of the UN human rights treaty system by its monitoring treaty bodies since their inauguration.
    http://www.bayefsky.com

    Benjamin L. Hooks Institute for Social Change
    A research center dedicated to advancing the understanding and pursuing the goals of the American civil rights movement.
    http://benhooks.memphis.edu/

    Bodhi Journal Human Rights
    A collection of links, news and information on human rights with an emphasis on Tibet.
    http://www.geocities.com/bvgftr2/bjhr.html

    The Business of Torture
    Article by Dr. Sam Vaknin describes some examples of the business of torture in various countries.
    http://samvak.tripod.com/brief-torture01.html

    The Center for Justice and Accountability
    Works to deter torture and other severe human rights abuses around the world by helping survivors hold their persecutors accountable.
    http://www.cja.org/

    Civil Liberties
    From About.com - Columns, link libraries, polls, and discussions about personal liberty issues.
    http://civilliberty.about.com/

    ColorQ Human Rights Corner
    Features stories and links on worldwide human rights violations, particularly issues that receive little attention from the Western media.
    http://www.colorq.org/HumanRights/

    Commission on Human Security
    Two broad areas of research and related consultative processes inform the Commission's deliberations: human insecurities resulting from conflict and violence; and the links between human security and development.
    http://www.humansecurity-chs.org/

    Comparative Democratization Project, Stanford - Human Rights
    Links to Internet resources on human rights.
    http://democracy.stanford.edu/hum_rights.html

    Concise Guide to Human Rights on the Internet
    Resource for finding information about human rights on the internet. Links to organizations worldwide addressing human rights issues.
    http://www.derechos.org/human-rights/manual.htm

    Conectas
    International organization, based in Sao Paolo, Brazil, conducting research and legal action related to human rights in the Global South. [English/Portuguese]
    http://www.conectas.org/en/

    Derechos Cafe - A Human Rights Hangout
    News, articles, links and chat groups about human rights issues.
    http://www.derechos.net

    Development Gateway Youth Portal
    Brings young people together to interactively discuss the environment, Youth in Conflict, HIV AIDS, and other development topics. Links to articles on youth and human rights.
    http://www.developmentgateway.org/node/182233/

    Directory of Human Rights Resources on the Internet
    Compiled by the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Includes brief descriptions of organizations and contact information.
    http://shr.aaas.org/dhr/

    Earth As It Is
    Features political, censorship and human rights news from around the world.
    http://the-stewardship.org/earth.htm

    Freedom Magazine: In Support of Human Rights
    Explores the role of investigative reporting in restoring human rights.
    http://www.humanrightsfreedom.org

    Friends of People Close to Nature
    Network of individuals and groups concerned with the survival of savage tribal peoples, in particular hunter-gatherers.
    http://www.fpcn-global.org/

    Gendercide Watch
    Confronts gender-selective atrocities against men and women worldwide. Includes a growing database of historical and contemporary case-studies of gendercide, research materials, and up-to-date media coverage.
    http://gendercide.org

    Global Witness homepage
    Highlighting the links between environmental exploitation and human rights abuses, particularly where natural resources such as timber, diamonds and oil are used to fund conflict.
    http://www.globalwitness.org/

    HB-Rights.org
    Provides an overview of individual rights, including parent, student, cyber, property and privacy rights.
    http://www.hb-rights.org/

    Human and Constitutional Rights
    Includes constitutional rights charts, links to human rights and constitutional rights websites, news, and resources.
    http://www.hrcr.org/

    Human Rights & Human Welfare: An International Review
    An international review of books and other publications in the area of global human rights. Published at the Graduate School of International Studies, University of Denver.
    http://www.du.edu/gsis/hrhw

    Human Rights Discussion List
    Active mail list and discussion on subject. Bilingual, English y Español.
    http://www.derechos.org/human-rights/hrights.html

    Human Rights Education Resource Centre
    Includes searchable databases, full-text education and training materials and interactive distance learning tools on human rights.
    http://www.hrea.org

    Human Rights Information and Documentation Systems
    HURIDOCS is a global network of organisations concerned with human rights. Functions as a decentralised network in which organisations can handle and exchange information according to their own requirements.
    http://www.huridocs.org/

    Human Rights Internet
    Provides human rights publications, information on children's rights and the UN human rights system, and listing of human rights organizations worldwide.
    http://www.hri.ca/

    Human Rights Law and Issues at Suite 101
    A site of passion on human rights law and issues, as well as humanity for all mankind. Various concepts of human rights law and issues, and country-specific insider views on specific incidents.
    http://www.suite101.com/welcome.cfm/human_rights

    Human Rights Network International
    Publishes academic and reference materials pertaining to a wide range of human rights issues.
    http://www.hrni.org/

    Human Rights Reporting
    Information about an annual seminar at Columbia University surveying the cutting-edge issues in promoting human rights, with a focus on reporting techniques.
    http://www.humanrightsreporting.com

    Human Rights Voice
    Non profit organization involved in the sphere of international human rights, global security, economic development, economic justice and international justice, business and economic rights, and conflict resolution.
    http://www.hrv.20m.com

    Human Rights Watch World Report 2001
    Human Rights Watch's eleventh annual review of human rights practices around the globe covers developments in 70 countries. The report reflects extensive investigative work.
    http://www.hrw.org/wr2k1/index.html

    Human Rights Watch World Report 2002
    Twelfth annual review of human rights practices and developments in sixty-six countries, covering the period from November 2000 through November 2001.
    http://hrw.org/wr2k2/

    Human Rights Watch World Report 2003
    Thirteenth annual review of human rights practices around the globe. Identifies positive and negative trends within the sphere of human rights in fifty-eight countries, covering the period from November 2001 through November 2002.
    http://hrw.org/wr2k3/

    The Human Rights Web
    Human rights resources including links to relevant documents.
    http://www.hrweb.org/

    Humanlex
    Categorised links related to the field of international law and international human rights law. In English and French.
    http://humanlex.tripod.com

    IntellectualLoafing.com
    Discusses value of human rights and whether or not governments have the moral right to violate them in defence of human lives.
    http://www.intellectualloafing.com/discussionsfolder/runningdebatesfolder/torture.htm

    The International Association for Religious Freedom
    Supports freedom of religion and belief as defined by international law. The IARF has general consultative status with the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations.
    http://www.geocities.com/~iarf/

    International Human Rights Respect
    Articles and resources for individuals concerned and interested in all aspects of human rights.
    http://www.suite101.com/welcome.cfm/international_human_rights

    International Human Rights: The Pursuit of an Ideal
    The goal of this site is to present an objective view of human rights. Topics that have been researched include the history of human rights and the pioneers responsible for it, and issues germane to the topic.
    http://library.thinkquest.org/C0126065

    International Network for Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights
    ESCR-Net brings together diverse groups and activists committed to human rights and social justice in order to share information and strategies, establish stronger links across border and disciplines, develop a collective voice, and facilitate collaborative work among members.
    http://www.escr-net.org

    Look Into My I :The Freedom Paintings
    Rebecca Barrington's plea for privacy in the public sector. Eight powerful freedom paintings from the LuLu Eccentrix Art Gallery depicting the loss of freedom.
    http://www.angelfire.com/extreme/artgirl/index.html

    Martus Project
    An open-source technology tool that assists nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) collect information on human rights abuses.
    http://www.martus.org/

    Netherlands Institute of Human Rights (SIM)
    Studies and gathers human rights documentation.
    http://www.law.uu.nl/english/sim/

    The Observer - Special Reports: Liberty Watch
    Covers international events and issues about balancing civil liberties and security, featuring an ongoing collection of news, analysis and comment.
    http://observer.guardian.co.uk/libertywatch/0,1373,560511,00.html

    The Raoul Wallenberg Institute of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law
    An independent academic institution based in Lund, Sweden, which promotes human rights. Information about research and education, development cooperation projects and publications.
    http://www.rwi.lu.se/

    Rights Advocates
    An interactive medium for expression of breaches of human rights. Also information and advice on human rights can be found here.
    http://www.rightsadvocates.com

    Strategic Choices in the Design of Truth Commissions
    Site seeks to aid decision makers in societies interested in establishing a Truth Commission via analysis of the structure, design choices, and impacts of past Commissions.
    http://www.truthcommission.org

    8th Day Center for Social Justice
    A multi-issue, social justice center supported and staffed by 30 congregations of nuns, priests and brothers which promotes analysis and action.
    http://www.8thdaycenter.org

    Torture by Proxy
    Karen L. Snell,a specialist in constitutional litigation and international extradition, comments on Kenneth Starr's comments in The Washington Post suggesting the U.S. should cast aside traditional civil liberties in the fight against terrorism.
    http://www.counterpunch.org/snell1.html

    UN High Commissioner for Human Rights
    Works toward correcting the human rights violations of those governments who distort, deny, and delude their own history to disguise genocides, massacres, and human rights violations. Includes sections on various cases.
    http://www.ohchr.org/

    United Nations Agreements on Human Rights
    Summary page with links to full document.
    http://www.hrweb.org/legal/undocs.html

    United Nations Human Rights Day 10 December 2005
    Official site includes calendar of events, messages, information on the World Programme for Human Rights, documents and information on past observances.
    http://www.un.org/events/humanrights/2005/

    University of Minnesota Human Rights Meta Search Engine
    Meta search engine for searching multiple human rights sites. Library includes a large collection of international human rights, and links to other human rights and international law sites.
    http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/lawform.html

    U.S. Department of State - Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor: Human Rights
    Provides reports on country conditions, speeches and votes in the UN, and asylum profiles; accountability and reform efforts; partnerships with organizations, governments, and multilateral institutions committed to human rights.
    http://www.state.gov/g/drl/hr/

    U.S. State Department on religious intolerance
    Details from the second annual report on international religious freedom from the U.S. State Department. Examples of religious intolerance provided. Article dated Sept 2000.
    http://www.cnn.com/2000/US/09/05/state.dept.religion/index.html

    White Rose
    Protest weblog collective focusing on civil liberties in the United Kingdom and the rest of world.
    http://whiterose.samizdata.net/

    World Audit of Democracy and Human Rights
    Focus is on democracy, human rights, press freedom, corruption and the rule of law. Daily news on democracy and human rights, links and e-commerce facilities for human rights publications.
    http://www.worldaudit.org/


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    Ciekawostki

    Krótkotrwałe panowanie Henryka Walezego na Wawelu było prawdziwym zderzeniem cywilizacyjnym pomiędzy rzeczywistością polską, a francuską. Młodego króla i jego francuską świtę dziwiły urządzane przez polskich poddanych pijatyki, rozczarowało ubóstwo polskich wsi i surowy klimat kraju. Polacy natomiast uważali Francuzów za zniewieściałych, władcy mieli za złe cudzoziemskie stroje i zamiłowanie do biżuterii. Co ciekawe, pod wieloma względami ówczesna Polska wyprzedzała Francję. Właśnie na Wawelu Walezy po raz pierwszy zobaczył wychodki, z których nieczystości odprowadzano poza zamkowe mury, i po powrocie do Francji nakazał zbudowanie takich urządzeń w Luwrze i innych pałacach.


    Gerda sklep z dziwnymi rzeczami Wczasy Nad Morzem Grochowiak S. wiersze Litera k