Henryk III Walezy
(ur. 19 września 1551 w Fontainebleau, zm. 2 sierpnia 1589 w Saint-Cloud)
- ostatni z francuskiej dynastii Walezjuszów, jednej z gałęzi Kapetyngów. Książę Orleanu, a w latach 1573-1574 król Polski jako Henryk zwany Walezym. Od 1574 król Francji jako Henryk III.

Pochodzenie



Herb rodowy

Henryk Walezy był czwartym synem Henryka II, króla Francji i Katarzyny Medycejskiej. Na chrzcie otrzymał on imiona Aleksander Edward. Imię Henryk nadano mu dopiero na bierzmowaniu w roku 1565. Jego brat, Karol IX, był królem francuskim. Matka za wszelką cenę chciała osadzić wszystkich swych synów na tronie i gdy nie powiodły się inne plany wobec Henryka, zdecydowała się starać o egzotyczny dla Francuzów tron polski. Rozdzierające Francję walki katolików z hugenotami (francuskimi protestantami), czyli tzw. III wojna z hugenotami, umożliwiły Henrykowi pokazanie swych wojskowych umiejętności. Dzięki jego osobistej odwadze i przytomności umysłu pokonano w 1569 roku oddziały hugenotów pod Jarnac.

Przez pewien czas Henryk sprawował urząd generalnego namiestnika królestwa. Tak więc już w młodzieńczych latach dał się on poznać zarówno jako dobry polityk jak i sumienny urzędnik.


Droga do polskiego tronu

Wybory nowego władcy polskiego po okresie bezkrólewia odbyły się w kwietniu i maju 1573 r. na prawym brzegu Wisły, naprzeciw Warszawy, pod wsią Kamień, która obecnie stanowi część stolicy. Najpoważniejszymi kandydatami do korony obok brata króla francuskiego byli: syn cesarza Maksymiliana II arcyksiążę Ernest Habsburg, car Iwan IV Groźny i Jan III Waza, król szwedzki, mąż Katarzyny Jagiellonki, siostry Zygmunta Augusta. Pod Warszawą stawiło się ok. 50 tysięcy osób, które uczestniczyły w głosowaniu. Najpierw odbyła się prezentacja kandydatów, której dokonali zagraniczni posłowie. Następnie zaczęto spisywać, lecz już w węższym gronie wybranych komisji „artykuły dla króla”. Miały to być uprawnienia i zobowiązania panującego. Po ich zatwierdzeniu, 5 kwietnia 1573 r. odbyło się głosowanie nad pretendentami do tronu. Zwycięzcą okazał się kandydat francuski, przedstawiony przez posła Jana de Monluc. Kilka dni po elekcji posłowie przyszłego monarchy zaprzysięgli w jego imieniu uchwalone przed wyborem postanowienia ogólne. Były to tak zwane artykuły henrykowskie. Przyjęto również osobiste zobowiązania elekta, noszące nazwę pacta conventa. Wybrano też poselstwo, które miało udać się do Paryża, aby oficjalnie zawiadomić księcia francuskiego o wyborze na króla Rzeczypospolitej Polski i Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego, odebrać od niego przysięgę, potwierdzającą przyjęcie uchwał elekcyjnych (artykułów i paktów), oraz możliwie szybko sprowadzić go do Rzeczypospolitej. Poselstwo wysłano okazałe i godne. Pertraktacje z Henrykiem i jego bratem, królem Francji Karolem IX, trwały dość długo. Opór budziły przede wszystkim artykuły dotyczące swobody wyznaniowej i możliwości wypowiedzenia posłuszeństwa królowi. Ostatecznie obaj władcy uznali i zaprzysięgli 22 sierpnia 1573 r. dawne i nowe prawa. Po tym fakcie poselstwo doręczyło Henrykowi dokument elekcyjny. Henryk Walezy został ogłoszony królem polskim i wielkim księciem litewskim.


Nihil novi



Potęga Rzeczypospolitej u zenitu. Zlota wolność. Elekcja., Jan Matejko

Do granic Polski dotarł po dwumiesięcznej podróży w końcu stycznia 1574 r. Orszak królewski, liczący 1200 koni, wozy z bagażami oraz karety z damami dworu i niewiastami lekkich obyczajów, ciągnął przez Heidelberg, Fuldę, Torgau, Frankfurt. Na Łużycach oczekiwał go książę piastowski Jerzy II Brzeski, który towarzyszył królowi aż do polskiej granicy. Granicę przekroczono w Międzyrzeczu, gdzie monarchę uroczyście powitała delegacja senatu z biskupem kujawskim, wojewodowie i kasztelanowie. Później przez Poznań i Częstochowę udano się w kierunku Krakowa, gdzie nastąpiło oficjalne powitanie.

Globalization


Katalog D M O Z : Society : Politics : Globalization
  • Theory (21)
  •  

  • Activism@ (17)
  • Aid and Development@ (30)
  • Brain Drain@ (13)
  • Global Governance@ (7)
  • Investment@ (2)
  •  
  • Job Migration - Outsourcing@ (7)
  • Migrant Workers@ (19)
  • News and Media@ (24)
  • Trade Issues@ (125)
  • Trade Policy@ (25)

  • Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation - APEC@ (8)
  • Central American Free Trade Agreement - CAFTA@ (11)
  • Free Trade Area of the Americas - FTAA@ (6)
  • Group of Eight - G8@ (6)
  • International Monetary Fund - IMF@ (8)
  •  
  • Multilateral Agreement on Investment - MAI@ (2)
  • North American Free Trade Agreement - NAFTA@ (3)
  • World Bank@ (9)
  • World Trade Organization - WTO@ (21)

  • 64 pages found in Globalization:

    Anti-globalization Movement - Wikipedia
    Encyclopedia article on the movement opposing globalization.
    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement

    Canadian International Development Agency
    News, background and resources about global issues and sustainable economic development, from a Canadian government-supported agency.
    http://www.acdi-cida.gc.ca/index-e.htm

    Capitalistocracy Book Café - Canadian Association for Research on Capitalistocracy
    Facilitates critical research on corporate globalization and capitalism. Accepts freelance writers.
    http://www.capitalistocracy.com/

    Center for Globalization and Policy Research - UCLA
    Established in response to the growing need for informed research and debate on all aspects of the topic, and in particular, on the many difficult policy questions that are being raised as a consecquence of it.
    http://www.sppsr.ucla.edu/cgpr/

    Center for Research on Globalization
    An independent research and media group of progressive writers, scholars and activists committed to curbing the tide of "globalisation" and "disarming" the new world order. Bilingual, English and French.
    http://globalresearch.ca/

    Centre for the Study of Globalisation and Regionalisation
    From the University of Warwick, UK. Research concentrates on questions such as social policy issues, international financial crises, multijurisdictional tax competition, development of global and regional governance and other civil society activities regarding the topics.
    http://www.warwick.ac.uk/csgr/

    Challenges of the Global Century
    A report of the project on Globalization and National Security that displays the key features of the topic, as well as its challenges, impacts, and implications for the US policies. By Stephen J. Flanagan, Ellen L. Frost, and Richard L. Kugler. US National Defense University, 2001.
    http://www.ndu.edu/inss/books/Books_2001/Challenges%20of%20the%20Global%20Century%20June%202001/GloCenCont.html

    Corporate Watch
    An organization that counters corporate-led globalization through education, network-building and activism. Works to foster democratic control over corporations by building movement for human rights and dignity, labor rights and environmental justice. Articles, campaigns, links, news, and contact information.
    http://www.corpwatch.org/

    Documents Relating to the Process of Globalization
    Links to articles and essays from the web site of the Mount Holyoke College, Massachusetts, USA.
    http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/globaliz.htm

    Economic Liberalization and Integration - Global Policy Forum
    News, articles and resources relating to the topic of liberal economic policies and their impact on the developing world in particular.
    http://www.globalpolicy.org/globaliz/econ/

    Essays on Globalization
    Papers on the subject by Monthly Review.
    http://www.monthlyreview.org/mrglobal.htm

    Ethical Globalization Initiative
    Brings key stakeholders together in new alliances to integrate concepts of human rights, gender sensitivity and enhanced accountability into efforts to address global challenges and governance shortcomings.
    http://www.eginitiative.org/

    A Fair Globalization: Creating Opportunities for All
    Analyzes impacts of the globalized world with the focus on people. Report by The World Commission on the Social Dimension of Globalization, International Labour Organization, 2004. [PDF]
    http://www.ilo.org/public/english/wcsdg/docs/report.pdf

    Fantasy World Order
    Offers a quiz to help visitors determine their position in the globalization debate. Includes overall results.
    http://www.fantasyworldorder.com/

    Free Trade and Globalization
    Looks at the reality of free trade and the impacts it has on everyone.
    http://www.globalissues.org/TradeRelated/FreeTrade.asp

    Friends of the Earth: MAI
    Commentary, analysis and links to websites about the Multilateral Agreement on Investment.
    http://www.foe.co.uk/pubsinfo/briefings/html/19980424100502.html

    From the Wilderness: Oil, Politics and War
    Provides a foundation for understanding oil's role in the global economy.
    http://www.fromthewilderness.com

    GEP - Leverhulme Centre for Research on Globalisation and Economic Policy
    A British institute whose activities are structured around research programs covering the impacts on globalization on labour markets, economic policy, productivity and technology.
    http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/economics/leverhulme/

    Global Balance
    Provides an environment of information exchange, integration and support to assist NGOs and their projects to reach the UN Millennium Development Goals.
    http://www.global-balance.org/

    The Global Century - Globalization and National Security
    Examines impacts of globalization on world affairs and the task of forging responsive policies and strategies. Also, an in-depth analysis of global and regional trends. Edited by Richard L. Kugler and Ellen L. Frost, National Defense University.
    http://www.ndu.edu/inss/books/Books_2001/Global%20Century%20-%20June%202001/globcencont.html

    Global Education Network
    An European network for learning in the field of global development issues and cooperation policy. Core activities are related to development of countries in Africa, Asia or South East Europe.
    http://www.glen-europe.org/

    Global Envision
    A web initiative of Mercy Corps with news and information on globalization, world business, poverty, global growth, and world trade. It aims to take the global free market system as a starting point for reducing world poverty.
    http://www.globalenvision.org/

    Global Exchange: Economic Alternatives
    Advocates for democratic alternatives to top-down economic globalization.
    http://www.globalexchange.org/campaigns/alternatives/

    Global Issues Gateway
    An educational website created by Fairleigh Dickinson University, New Jersey, USA, for those investigating issues arising from the rapid exchange of goods and ideas across increasingly porous geographic and cultural borders.
    http://www.gig.org/

    Global Marshall Plan
    An initiative for the implementation of a global eco-social development plan as a basis for a worldwide ecological and social market economy.
    http://www.globalmarshallplan.org/index_eng.html

    Global Policy Forum
    News, information, analysis and resources from an organization that monitors UN policy making on the matter and promotes accountability of global decisions.
    http://www.globalpolicy.org/

    The Global Workplace
    Promotes awareness and encourages grassroots trade union activity on international issues.
    http://www.globalworkplace.org/?cc=1

    Globalisation and Poverty Research Programme
    A three-year program of research exploring the linkages between globalization processes and poverty. Funded by the Department for International Development (DFID), a United Kingdom government ministry.
    http://www.gapresearch.org/

    Globalisation Guide
    Eleven key questions on the subject with selected links to opinion leaders and thinkers.
    http://www.globalisationguide.org/

    The Globalist
    The daily online magazine on the global economy, politics and culture.
    http://www.theglobalist.com/

    Globalization101
    A project of Neil D. Levin Graduate Institute of International Relations and Commerce, promotes a greater understanding of the challenges and dilemmas of globalization.
    http://www.globalization101.org/

    Globalization - Wikipedia
    Encyclopedia article on globalization and its various aspects.
    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalization

    Globalization and Maritime Power
    A study about the implications of globalization theory and facts in the design of national defense policies. Edited by Sam Tangredy, Institute for National Strategic Studies, US National Defense University, 2002.
    http://www.ndu.edu/inss/books/Books_2002/Globalization_and_Maritime_Power_Dec_02/01_toc.htm

    Globalization and National Environmental Policy
    Taking stock of changes in government interventions in response to globalization. Koningshof, Veldhoven, The Netherlands on September 22-24, 2003.
    http://www.tilburguniversity.nl/globus/activities/con-22092003.html.print

    Globalization and the Postmodern Turn
    A paper by Douglas Kellner, from the Graduate School of Education, UCLA, USA.
    http://www.gseis.ucla.edu/courses/ed253a/dk/GLOBPM.htm

    Globalization: Index
    A peer-reviewed journal devoted to the examination of social, political, economic, and technological aspects of the topic, by The International Consortium for Alternative Academic Publication (ICAAP).
    http://globalization.icaap.org/

    Globalization. Threat or Opportunity?
    Brief subject to periodical reviews by International Monetary Fund Staff. It shows a set of key questions and answers on the subject such as: roles of countries and governments, growth, poverty and inequality, and impacts on workers.
    http://imf.org/external/np/exr/ib/2000/041200.htm

    The Globalization Website
    Resources on various issues related to the issue from Emory University.
    http://www.sociology.emory.edu/globalization/

    Globalization's Stir-Fry
    An article about how the new global economy changes long-accepted notions and arguments about American business. Authored by Harold Meyerson, Jun 2007.
    http://www.prospect.org/cs/articles?article=globalizations_stirfry

    HBS Working Knowledge: Globalization
    Links to articles and comments related to the topic.
    http://hbswk.hbs.edu/topic.jhtml?t=globalization

    The Heritage Foundation
    A conservative think tank that is at the forefront of the pro-globalization perspective
    http://www.heritage.org

    ICC World Business Organization
    Comments, news and information resources from pro-globalization perspective, contending a global market economy will bring prosperity and other benefits to millions. Section of website of the International Chamber of Commerce.
    http://www.iccwbo.org/home/menu_case_for_the_global_economy.asp

    The Information Age
    A book that undertakes the task of understanding the globalization of information and communication technologies. Based on historical fact, reasoned speculation about future trends, and informed analysis about the impacts that those trends might have on human affairs and the international system. Several authors. Edited by David S. Alberts and Daniel S. Papp for the US National Defense University, 2002.
    http://www.ndu.edu/inss/books/Books%20-%201998/Information%20Age%20Anthology%20-%20Sept%2098/index.html

    The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture
    A selection of media reviews (key paragraphs) about Manuel Castells' trilogy.
    http://sociology.berkeley.edu/faculty/castells/trilogy_reviews.html

    Institute for International Economics - Globalization
    Collection of papers on this topic by members the organization.
    http://www.iie.com/research/researcharea.cfm?ResearchTopicID=3

    Institute on Globalization and the Human Condition
    An intellectual center of McMaster University in Canada, bringing together faculty, students and members of the broader community for discussion, debate and analysis of globalization and its effects.
    http://www.humanities.mcmaster.ca/~global/

    International Forum on Globalization
    Alliance formed to stimulate new thinking, joint activity, and public education in response to economic globalization and its impact. Events, programs, news and analysis from an anti-globalization perspective.
    http://www.ifg.org/

    International Social Observatory
    Intends to contribute to integration of social, ethical and environmental dimensions in the globalization process.
    http://www.observatoire-social.com/english/

    LifeWeb: The Biology of Globalization
    Opinion article by Elisabet Sahtouris, it points out the threats of the economy of globalization against the basic principles by which healthy living systems are organized, 1998.
    http://www.ratical.org/LifeWeb/Articles/globalize.html

    Millennium Development Goals
    A free database that provides 60 indicators for 200 countries and 15 years from the Millennium Development Summit. Presents official UN global statistics in an easy-to-understand format aimed at citizens interested in the topic.
    http://esl.jrc.it/envind/mdg.htm

    Monopolis
    A presentation of relevant social, economic, and demographic about the globalized world. [German, English and Spanish]
    http://monopolis.net/

    Newspaper Index Forum
    An international forum focused on the topic, and on politics and global news, as well.
    http://forum.newspaperindex.com/

    Outsource Outrage
    Providing facts and figures on who's outsourcing and how it affects workers.
    http://www.outsourceoutrage.com

    Realizing Rights: The Ethical Globalization Initiative
    Addresses five issues required for greater human development and security: fostering more equitable international trade and development, strengthening efforts to realise the human right to health, shaping more humane migration policies, encouraging women’s leadership, and influencing corporate social responsibility.
    http://realizingrights.org/

    Right Makes Might: Freedom and Power in the Information Age
    Examines the relationship of intentions and capabilities—more precisely, of openness and power—in the information age, taking China as the case in point. Postulates that although power remains important in world politics, globalization has transformed its character, correlates, and consequences. By David Gompert,McNair Paper 59, US National Defense University, May 1998.
    http://www.ndu.edu/inss/McNair/mcnair59/m59cont.html

    Special Issue on Globalization -- Journal of World-Systems Research
    Explores the topic in its economic, political, and cultural dimensions.
    http://jwsr.ucr.edu/archive/vol5/number2/

    Transnational Communities Programme
    A research programme with the goal of looking into the human dimensions of globalization and aspects of emerging transnationalism. Commissioned by the United Kingdom Economic and Social Research Council, based in the University of Oxford - Institute of Social and Cultural Anthropology.
    http://www.transcomm.ox.ac.uk/

    TUC Globalisation
    Raises key issues and highlights trade union responses to aspects of particular interest to working people. By the Trade Unions Congress, United Kingdom.
    http://www.tuc.org.uk/theme/index.cfm?theme=globalisation

    UNCTAD/UNDP Global Programme on Globalization, Liberalization and Sustainable Human Development
    UN project which seeks sustainable development and economic integration of developing countries into the global economy. Includes comprehensive list of institutions working on the topic.
    http://www.unctad-undp.org/

    World Economic Forum
    The Davos meeting of political and business leaders aims to create the foremost global partnership of business, political, intellectual and other leaders of civil society to define and discuss the key issues on the global agenda.
    http://www.weforum.org/

    World Exploitation
    Provides topical related news and archive from a variety of sources on the Internet. Searchable news in 20 languages.
    http://www.worldexploitation.com/

    WorldBank. Leading Research on Globalization
    Provides access to recent presentations and some research on the subject. Some highlighted issues are: "Making globalization work for all" or "Globalization, Growth and Poverty".
    http://www1.worldbank.org/economicpolicy/globalization/

    Wuppertal Institute on Globalisation
    A German research center that explores social and ecological impacts, and develops strategies to make globalization fair and sustainable.
    http://www.wupperinst.org/globalisation/

    Yale Center for the Study of Globalization
    The Center supports teaching and research on globalization, helps to enrich debate on the subject through workshops, conferences, and lectures, and responds quickly to important events by organizing timely public programs that bring together individuals from the University community with individuals active in the policy arena. From Yale University.
    http://www.ycsg.yale.edu/


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    Ciekawostki

    Krótkotrwałe panowanie Henryka Walezego na Wawelu było prawdziwym zderzeniem cywilizacyjnym pomiędzy rzeczywistością polską, a francuską. Młodego króla i jego francuską świtę dziwiły urządzane przez polskich poddanych pijatyki, rozczarowało ubóstwo polskich wsi i surowy klimat kraju. Polacy natomiast uważali Francuzów za zniewieściałych, władcy mieli za złe cudzoziemskie stroje i zamiłowanie do biżuterii. Co ciekawe, pod wieloma względami ówczesna Polska wyprzedzała Francję. Właśnie na Wawelu Walezy po raz pierwszy zobaczył wychodki, z których nieczystości odprowadzano poza zamkowe mury, i po powrocie do Francji nakazał zbudowanie takich urządzeń w Luwrze i innych pałacach.


    Kino w domu Hantle Krzesła biurowe chrzest bilety lotnicze nowy jork